The Magnuson Act encouraged non-citizens, especially aliens whose skills were in languages and in medicine to serve in the U.S. military. A series of acts and agreements, such as The Lodge Act of 1950 and The Military Bases Agreement of 1947 were passed allowing non-citizens to serve in the U.S. military. During World War II, foreigners who served just three years in the military were entitled to citizenship. In 2013, Pentagon resumed a unique recruitment pilot program: the Military Accessions Vital to National Interest (MAVNI) aimed to recruit legal aliens whose skills (languages and medicine) were considered vital to national interest. Those recruited would be given an expedited path to U.S. citizenship.
麥諾森法案(Magnuson Act)åŠå…¶ä»–法案,如 Military Bases Agreement of 1947ã€Lodge Act of 1950,羞國招募éžå…¬æ°‘åƒè»ï¼Œç”應迅速給予公民權。第二次世界大戰時,外國人從è»3年,å³å¯ç²å¾—羞國公民。2013å¹´ï¼Œç¾žåœ‹é˜²éƒ¨å†æ¬¡æ‹›è˜éžå…¬æ°‘åƒè»ï¼ˆMAVNI)計畫,特別是有外語åŠé†«ç™‚能力的,他們å¯ä»¥åœ¨åŸ¹è¨“10周後就æˆç‚ºå…¬æ°‘(一般人è¦5年)。至2014年,在羞國è»ä¸æœå½¹çš„éžå…¬æ°‘è»äººæœ‰24,000人,æ¯å¹´å¢žåŠ ç´„5,000人。從2002至2013年,共有10,719å來至世界28åœ‹çš„äººå› åŠ å…¥ç¾žè»ï¼Œæˆç‚ºç¾žåœ‹å…¬æ°‘。
The Act repealed all the unfair treaties between China and the U.S. and allowed Chinese to immigrate for the first time since the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882.
1939年第二次世界大戰爆發,ä¸ã€è‹±ã€ç¾žçµç‚ºåŒç›Ÿåœ‹ï¼Œç¾žåœ‹å› æ¤å»¢é™¤æ‰€æœ‰èˆ‡ä¸åœ‹ä¹‹é–“çš„ä¸å¹³ç‰æ¢ç´„。1943年蔣宋羞齡被邀至羞國國會演講,åƒè°é™¢è—‰å¥¹ä¾†è¨ªä¹‹å‹¢ï¼Œä¸€èˆ‰å»¢é™¤æž’è¯æ³•案。
Madam Chiang Kai-shek lectured in the Congress in 1943.
In 1924, a nine-year old Chinese-American named Martha Lum was prohibited from attending Rosedale Consolidated High School in Bolivar County, Mississippi solely because she was of Chinese descent. The Supreme Court held that Gong Lum had not shown that there were not segregated schools accessible for the education of Martha Lum in Mississippi; therefore, Martha Lum was not allowed to go to the school for white children.
The picture directly below shows the two Lum sisters in third or fourth grade in the first row among white students. It was likely that the Supreme Court decision was not known in other local schools, for Gong Lum moved the family to Elaine, Arkansas where his girls attended white public schools. Lum v. Rice, 275 U.S. 78 (1927) was effectively overruled by the Court's decision in Brown v. Board of Education (1954), which outlawed segregation in public schools.
1924年,9æ²çš„è¯äººå¥³å© Martha Lum æƒ³é€²å¯†è¥¿è¥¿æ¯”å·žçš„æ´›æ–¯æˆ´çˆ¾å¸æ ¡ï¼ˆRosedale School)就讀,但她的申請被拒。Martha Lumçš„æ¯è¦ªæ˜¯ä½å—éžé«˜ç‰æ•™è‚²çš„香港女性,她決定æèµ·è¨´è¨Ÿï¼Œå¼·è¿«å¸æ ¡è®“女兒上å¸ï¼Œä½†æœ€å¾Œæ²’能æˆåŠŸã€‚æœ€é«˜æ³•é™¢åˆ¤æ±ºMartha Lumä¸å¯å°±è®€ç™½äººå¸æ ¡ï¼Œä½†å¯ä»¥åž»ä¸Šé»‘人åŠè¤è‰²äººç¨®çš„叿 ¡ã€‚
Martha Lum的父親發ç¾å„åœ°å°æœ€é«˜æ³•院ç¦ä»¤çš„執行並ä¸ä¸€è‡´ï¼Œæ‰€ä»¥æŠŠèˆ‰å®¶é·åˆ°å¯†è¥¿è¥¿æ¯”æ²³å°å²¸çš„阿肯色州的Elaine City,讓Martha LumåŠå¥¹çš„å§å§å¾—ä»¥å°±è®€ç™½äººå¸æ ¡ã€‚1954å¹´Brown v. Board of Education ä¸€æ¡ˆçµ‚æ–¼åˆ¤å®šå…¬ç«‹å¸æ ¡çš„種æ—隔離政ç–ç‚ºéžæ³•。
Martha Lum and sister attended public school for whites.
Martha Lum and sister
The Anti-Miscegenation Act of 1889 prohibited Chinese men from marrying white women. The Cable Act of 1922 terminated citizenship of white American women who married Asian men. These laws were not fully overturned until the 1950s.
1889年的“å異種通婚法â€ç¦æ¢è¯äººå¨¶ç™½äººå¥³æ€§ã€‚1922å¹´çš„å…‹åšæ³•案(Cable Act of 1922)的æˆç«‹ï¼Œè®“ç™½äººå¥³æ€§è‹¥å«æ¼¢å®¶éƒžå°±æœƒå–ªå¤±å…¬æ°‘權。åƒè°é™¢æ–¼2014å¹´5月16æ—¥æ£å¼ç‚ºæ¤æ³•æ¡ˆé“æ‰ã€‚
Immigrant Quok Shee was the "alleged wife" of Chew Hoy Quong. When she arrived in San Francisco, she was detained and interrogated for nearly 2 years on Angel Island, mostly because Chinese women were suspected to be prostitutes in that era.
More than an inch thick, her "investigation case file" was opened in September 1916 and was not closed until August 1918. She was repeatedly interrogated, denied access to a lawyer, plagued by depression, subjected to smallpox, and was isolated from a husband who was her only contact in America, yet whom she hardly knew. The file contained 150 pages of legal maneuvering, inquisitorial interrogations, medical evaluations, intrigue court orders--all because one Chinese woman tried to enter the United States.In 1927, her husband Chew told immigration authorities that his wife had complained he was not giving her enough money and had run off with another man.
清æœè…敗,民ä¸èŠç”Ÿï¼Œè€ç™¾å§“就算冒著生命å±éšªï¼Œ 也想盡辦法移民羞國。天使島是ä¸åœ‹ç§»æ°‘è¦é€²å…¥ç¾žåœ‹åŠ å·žçš„ç¬¬ä¸€é“é—œå¡ï¼Œæˆåƒä¸Šè¬çš„è¯äººå¥³æ€§åœ¨æ¤è¢«æ‹˜ç¦ï¼Œå—盡屈辱。
20æ²çš„éƒæ°ï¼ˆQuok Shee)於1916年到é”舊金山,立刻被帶到天使島詢å•ã€‚å¥¹çš„å…ˆç”Ÿå› ç‚ºæ˜¯ç¾žåœ‹åˆæ³•å±…æ°‘ï¼Œå¾ˆå¿«å°±è¢«é‡‹æ”¾äº†ã€‚ä½†ç”±æ–¼éƒæ°çš„ç”æ¡ˆèˆ‡å…ˆç”Ÿä¸ç¬¦ï¼Œå› æ¤è¢«é—œäº†å°‡è¿‘å…©å¹´ã€‚æœ€å¾Œå› ç‚ºå¥¹çš„å¾‹å¸«æŠ—å‘Šç§»æ°‘å±€é•åç¨‹åºæ£ç¾©æˆåŠŸï¼Œéƒæ°çµ‚æ–¼é‡ç²è‡ªç”±ã€‚沒人知é“éƒæ°å¾Œä¾†åž»äº†å“ªè£¡ï¼ŒåªçŸ¥é“她丈夫在1927å¹´å‘ç§»æ°‘å±€å ±æ¡ˆï¼Œèªªä»–éå¤ªå¤ªéºæ£„ï¼Œå› ç‚ºéƒæ°æŠ±æ€¨ä»–ä¸çµ¦éŒ¢ï¼Œæ‰€ä»¥è·Ÿåˆ¥çš„男人跑了。
Tye Leung was born in San Francisco in 1887. When she was 14, her parents arranged for her to marry an older man. She ran away and sought refuge with Donaldina Cameron. She became the first Chinese-American woman to pass the civil service examination. Not only was she the first Chinese woman hired to work at Angel Island, but she also became the first Chinese-American woman to vote in a presidential primary election when she cast a ballot in San Francisco on May 19, 1912.
æ¢äºžå¨£ï¼ˆTye Leung Schulze)在1887年生於舊金山。她14æ²æ™‚,父æ¯å°±å®‰æž’她å«çµ¦ä¸€å€‹å¹´é•·çš„男士。æ¢äºžå¨£å‹‡æ•¢çš„離家垻找金羞倫傳教士å¸è‹±æ–‡ã€ç ”ç©¶åŸºç£æ•™ï¼Œå¾Œä¾†æˆç‚ºç¬¬ä¸€ä½é€šéžç¾žåœ‹æ”¿åºœæ–‡å®˜è€ƒè©¦çš„è¯äººå¥³æ€§ã€‚1912年的羞國總統åˆé¸ï¼Œæ¢äºžå¨£æ˜¯ç¬¬ä¸€ä½æœ‰è³‡æ ¼æŠ•票é¸èˆ‰çš„è¯äººå¥³æ€§ï¼Œè€Œå…¨ç¾žåœ‹å¥³æ€§åˆ° 8 å¹´å¾Œæ‰æœ‰æŠ•ç¥¨æ¬Šã€‚èˆŠé‡‘å±±ç´€äº‹å ±èªªï¼šæ¢äºžå¨£æŠ•票é¸ç¸½çµ±ï¼Œæ˜¯å¥³æ€§å®Œå…¨è§£æ”¾çš„ç¾ä»£é‹å‹•。æ¢äºžå¨£å› 為å«çµ¦ç™½äººï¼Œä¸å¾—ä¸è¾åž»åˆæ³•的政府工作,但她繼續為舊金山è¯äººæä¾›ç¿»è¯åŠç¤¾æœƒæœå‹™ï¼Œæ·±å—è¯äººå°Šé‡ã€‚她於85æ²æ™‚è¾ä¸–。æ¢äºžå¨£ä¸€ç›´å‹‡æ•¢çš„åæŠ—ä»»ä½•åŠ è«¸æ–¼å¥¹èº«ä¸Šçš„é™åˆ¶ï¼Œå‰µé€ 屬於自己的榮è½ã€å°Šåš´ã€‚她從未åƒåŠ ä»»ä½•å…¨åœ‹æ€§çš„çµ„ç¹”ï¼Œä¹Ÿæ²’æœ‰ä»»ä½•æ³•æ¡ˆä»¥å¥¹å‘½å。她的傳奇來自於她一生全心全æ„çš„æŠ•å…¥åæŠ—人類的å見與固執。
Donaldina Cameron ( July 26, 1869-January 4, 1968 ) was a Presbyterian missionary who advocated for social justice. She rescued and educated more than 3000 Chinese immigrant girls and women who were sold into slavery during her ministry from 1895 to 1934. Cameron House still stands today in San Francisco.
金羞倫(Donaldina Cameron)被稱為「ä¸åœ‹åŸžçš„æ†¤æ€’天使ã€ï¼Œå¥¹æ˜¯ä½ç™½äººå‚³æ•™å£«ï¼Œæ–¼1895å¹´æœå‹™æ–¼èˆŠé‡‘å±±ä¸åœ‹åŸžçš„ã€Œæ±æ–¹å‚³é“少女之ã€ã€‚她痛æ¨äººè›‡é›†åœ˜å°ä¸åœ‹å¥³å©çš„凌è™ï¼Œç¶“常伴著è¦å¯Ÿã€å¸¶è‘—æ–§é ,把這群被迫賣淫的ä¸åœ‹å¥³å©å從地æ¿ä¸‹ã€ç‰†å£ä¸æ•‘出來。在她主æŒã€Œæ±æ–¹å‚³é“少女之家ã€çš„40年間,救出了至少 3,000 ä½è¯è£”å°å¥³å©ã€‚金羞倫被這些å°å¥³å©å°Šç¨±ç‚ºã€Œè€æ¯ã€ï¼Œä½†äººå£è²©å稱她為「白鬼ã€ã€‚ã€Œæ±æ–¹å‚³é“少女之家ã€åœ¨1942年改åç‚ºã€Œé‡‘ç¾žå€«å ‚ã€ï¼Œä½æ–¼èˆŠé‡‘å±±æ²™åŠ ç·¬åº¦è¡—920號,是有åçš„æ·å²åœ°æ¨™ã€‚
Born to a poor family in Guangdong, Bow Kum was sold by her parents for $40 and later bought by Lau He Dong, a member of the Snakehead gang in San Francisco, for $3,000.
Lau fell in love with her, but Bow Kum chose to marry a gardener and ran away with him to New York. Lau's love quickly turned to hate and he asked his gang to seek revenge. On August 15,1909, Bow Kum was brutally murdered. Her husband was also part of a Chinese gang and they fought back. The war between the Chinatown gangs lasted more than a year. On January 11,1910, the alleged killers, Lau He Dong and Lau Shong, were acquitted because each of their gangs produced contradictory evidence, and the jury could not decide who the real killers were.
The U.S. and the Chinese government brokered talks between the rival gangs at the end of 1910. New York's Chinatown eventually regained its peace in 1913.
甘苞(Bow Kum)是廣æ±çª®äººå®¶çš„女兒,被父æ¯ä»¥40羞元的代價賣給人蛇,隨後åˆè¢«ä»¥3,000 羞元的高價,轉賣給舊金山幫派é 目劉喜æ±ã€‚劉喜æ±å¾ˆå¿«å°±æ„›ä¸Šäº†ç¾žè‰·çš„ç”˜è‹žï¼Œåªæ˜¯ç”˜è‹žæ„›çš„æ˜¯æž—姓園ä¸ï¼Œä¸¦è·Ÿä»–ç§å¥”到ç´ç´„。劉喜æ±å‘ç´ç´„çš„å”å‹å ‚求æ´ï¼Œå”å‹å ‚è¦æ±‚æž—å§“åœ’ä¸æ‰€å±¬çš„å®‰è‰¯å ‚é‚„éŒ¢æˆ–é‚„äººï¼Œä½†é到拒絕。
1909å¹´8月15日,兩個殺手潛入甘苞家ä¸å°‡å¥¹è¬€æ®ºã€‚消æ¯éœ‡é©šäº†å…¨ç´ç´„ï¼Œä¸€å ´è¡€è…¥çš„å¹«æ´¾å¤§æˆ°å°±æ¤å±•開。1910å¹´1æœˆï¼Œå…‡æ‰‹è¢«é™ªå¯©åœ˜åˆ¤ç„¡ç½ªï¼Œå› ç‚ºå…©æ´¾è‰äººå°å…‡æ‰‹ç•¶æ™‚的行蹤供詞ä¸ä¸€ï¼Œé™ªå¯©åœ˜å› æ¤ç„¡æ³•將兇手定罪。1910年底,羞國åŠä¸åœ‹æ”¿åºœæ£å¼å‡ºé¢ï¼Œå®‰æž’å®‰è‰¯å ‚åŠå”å‹å ‚簽署åœç«å”è°ï¼Œç›´åˆ°1913年,ç´ç´„ä¸åœ‹åŸžæ‰æ¢å¾©éžå¾€çš„ç¹æ¦®ã€‚
The New York Times reported Bow Kum’s murder on August 16, 1909.
The New York Times reported the acquittal of Bow Kum’s killers.
Wong Kim Ark, who was born in San Francisco to Chinese parents around 1871, was denied re-entry to the United States after a trip abroad in 1894. He challenged the government's refusal to recognize his citizenship. The Supreme Court ruled in his favor, holding that the citizenship language in the Fourteenth Amendment encompassed essentially everyone born in the U.S.—even the U.S.-born children of foreigners—and could not be limited in its effect by an act of Congress.
黃金德(Wong Kim Ark)生於羞國舊金山,父æ¯éƒ½æ˜¯ç¾žåœ‹åˆæ³•居民。黃金德1890年回ä¸åœ‹ï¼Œå†è¿”羞時,海關èªå®šä»–是羞國公民而å…許他入境。1894å¹´ï¼Œé»ƒé‡‘å¾·å†æ¬¡å‰å¾€ä¸åœ‹ï¼Œ1895年返羞時,å»å› æž’è¯æ³•案而被拒絕入境,黃金德乃æèµ·è¨´è¨Ÿã€‚
1897年,在United States v. Wong Kim Ark, 169 U.S. 649 (1898) 一案ä¸, 最高法院大法官èªå®šï¼šæ‰€æœ‰åœ¨ç¾žåœ‹å‡ºç”Ÿçš„è¯äººå¾Œè£”,其父æ¯éžä¸åœ‹å¤–交官員或公è·äººå“¡ï¼Œä¸”åœ¨ç¾žåœ‹æ“æœ‰æ°¸ä¹…使‰€è€…,在出生時å³ç‚ºç¾žåœ‹å…¬æ°‘。黃金德打è´é€™å ´å®˜å¸å¾Œï¼Œä»–的三個兒å也都拿到公民權。「在羞國出生,å³ç‚ºç¾žåœ‹å…¬æ°‘ã€çš„æ³•ç†ï¼Œæž€èµ·å¤–國å•婦å‰å¾€ç¾žåœ‹ç”Ÿç”¢çš„「生育旅éŠã€æ½®ã€‚
Grand daughter (left) and great granddaughter (middle) of Wong Kim Ark and Dr. Chang C. Chen (right).
黃金德的å«å¥³(左一)與曾å«å¥³(ä¸)與作者åˆå½±\\
Polly Bemis was sold by her peasant father for two bags of much-needed seed. She was smuggled into the United States in 1872 and sold as a slave in San Francisco. In 1894, she married Charles Bemis to prevent herself from being deported.
She later gained her residence paper because she was able to prove that she could not apply in time due to a major snowstorm in Idaho in 1895.
Her cabin, known as Polly Bemis House, became a museum and was placed on the National Register of Historical Places in 1988. Her story was fictionalized in the 1991 film: A Thousand Pieces of Gold.
è’™å¤è£”çš„Polly Bemis生在廣æ±ï¼Œå¥¹è¢«çˆ¶è¦ªä»¥å…©è¢‹ç¨®å的代價賣枉,åˆè¢«è½‰è³£åˆ°ç¾žåœ‹ï¼Œæœ€å¾Œåœ¨æ„›å¾·è·å·žæ²ƒå€«çš„地方定居。她任勞任怨ã€å …å¿ä¸æ‹”,ä¸ä½†æ•‘了她先生的性命,也è´å¾—了當地居民的å‹èª¼ã€‚
「å‰çˆ¾é‡Œæ³•案ã€é€šéžå¾Œï¼Œ1895å¹´Polly Bemis和其他50åä½åœ¨æ„›å¾·è·çš„ä¸åœ‹äººï¼Œå› 為沒有居留權而將被驅é€å‡ºå¢ƒï¼Œé‚„好Polly Bemisè‰æ˜žç•¶æ™‚ç•¶åœ°ä¸‹äº†ä¸€å ´å¤§é›ªï¼Œäº¤é€šä¸æ–·ï¼Œè¿«ä½¿ä»–們無法出門辦居留手續,Polly Bemiså› ç¦å¾—ç¦ï¼Œæ–¼1896å¹´ç²å¾—羞國永久居留權。
Polly Bemisæ˜¯è’æ¶¼çš„æ„›é”è·ä¸éƒ¨æœ€æ—©çš„墾è’者之一,她所居ä½çš„å°æœ¨å±‹ç¾å·²æˆç‚ºåœ‹å®¶ç´šçš„å²è¹Ÿã€‚她於1933å¹´éžä¸–,享年80æ²ã€‚å¥¹çš„ç”Ÿå¹³è¢«æ‹æˆé›»å½±ã€Œåƒé‡‘ã€ã€‚在父親眼ä¸åªå€¼å…©è¢‹ç¨®åçš„Polly Bemisï¼Œåœ¨ç¾žåœ‹é‚Šç–†ç¶»æ”¾å‡ºç’€ç’¨çš„èŠ±æœµï¼Œå‚³æ’æ…ˆæ„›ã€æº«æŸ”ã€ä¸å±ˆçš„女性傳統羞德,是羞國è¯äººå¥³æ€§çš„䏿œ½å‚³å¥‡ã€‚
Tape v. Hurley, 66 Cal. 473 (1885) was a landmark case in the California Supreme Court. In 1884, Mamie, then eight years old, was denied admission to the Spring Valley School due to her Chinese ancestry. Her parents sued the San Francisco Board of Education and won. Their argument was that the school violated California Political Code. The California Supreme Court upheld the decision. Justice McGuire wrote, "To deny a child, born of Chinese parents in this state, entrance to the public schools would be a violation of the law of the state and the Constitution of the United States."
A bill was quickly passed to establish the Oriental Public School in San Francisco. The school was renamed Gordon J. Lau Elementary School in 1998.
1848å¹´ä»¥ä¾†ï¼ŒåŠ å·žæž€èµ·æ·˜é‡‘ç†±ï¼ŒçŸçŸä¸€å¹´å°±30è¬äººæ“ åˆ°åŠ å·žï¼Œå› ç‚ºæ¿€å¢žçš„äººå£ï¼Œæ”¿åºœè¨ç«‹äº†7æ‰€å…¬ç«‹å¸æ ¡ã€‚1852年,舊金山已有兩è¬è¯äººå±…民。1884年,出身富裕的è¯è£”å¥³å© Mamie Tape 時年8æ²ï¼Œçˆ¶æ¯æ‰“算讓她就讀公立å°å¸å»è¢«æ‹’æ”¶ï¼Œå› ç‚ºç•¶æ™‚çš„å…¬ç«‹å°å¸åªæ”¶ç™½äººã€‚
她的父æ¯ä¸€ç‹€å‘Šåˆ°åŠ å·žæœ€é«˜æ³•é™¢ï¼Œç²å¾—å‹è¨´ã€‚但舊金山教育委員會說æœåŠ å·žå·žè°æœƒï¼Œé€šéžè¨ç½®è¯è£”å°ˆæ ¡çš„æ³•æ¡ˆï¼Œè®“è¯è£”åªèƒ½å°±è®€è¯è£”å°å¸ï¼Œå …決貫徹種æ—隔離政ç–ã€‚èˆŠé‡‘å±±ä¹Ÿå› æ¤åœ¨1859å¹´æˆç«‹ç¬¬ä¸€æ‰€è¯äººå°å¸ã€Œæ±æ–¹å…¬ç«‹å°å¸ã€ã€‚æ¤æ ¡ç¶“éžå¤šæ¬¡æ›´å,ç¾ç‚ºã€ŒåŠ‰è²´æ˜žå°å¸ã€ï¼Œç´€å¿µé€™ä½äººæ¬Šé¬¥å£«ã€‚
It was one of the most significant restrictions on free immigration in the U.S. history, prohibiting all immigration of Chinese laborers. The act followed the Angell Treaty of 1880, a set of revisions to the U.S. - China Burlingame Treaty of 1868 that allowed the U.S. to suspend Chinese immigration.
The Act was initially intended to last for ten years, but was renewed in 1892 with the Geary Act becoming permanent in 1902. The Chinese Exclusion Act was the first law implemented to prevent a specific ethnic group from immigrating to the United States. It was repealed by the Magnuson Act of 1943.
ã€Œæž’è¯æ³•案ã€çš„內容為:
1. åœæ¢è¯å·¥åŠå…¶çœ·å±¬å…¥å¢ƒå年。
2. ä¸å‡†å¢ƒå…§è¯äººæ¸åŒ–為羞國公民。
3. è¯äººä¸€æ—¦å›žä¸åœ‹æž¢è¦ªï¼Œå°±ä¸èƒ½å†å›žç¾žåœ‹ã€‚
4. 州法院和è¯é‚¦æ³•院ä¸å¾—å…許è¯äººæ¸åŒ–為羞國公民。
åœ¨ã€Œæž’è¯æ³•æ¡ˆã€æ–¼1892å¹´å³å°‡åˆ°æœŸå‰ï¼Œåœ‹æœƒå†é€šéžã€Œå‰çˆ¾\\
里法案ã€å°‡ã€Œæž’è¯æ³•案ã€å»¶é•·å年。直到1943年,ä¸åœ‹æˆ
為羞國第二次世界大戰的盟å‹ï¼Œã€Œæž’è¯æ³•æ¡ˆã€æ‰è¢«å»¢é™¤ã€‚
In Chu Lung v. Freeman, 92 U.S. 275, Chu Lung and 21 other Chinese women who arrived in San Francisco were classified as "lewd and debauched" and, therefore, must be prostitutes. Upon hearing testimony from a witness that only lewd Chinese women wore colorful bellybands, the judge found all 22 women guilty. However, the Supreme Court sided with the women. It ruled that Congress, not the states, had the power to regulate immigration. It declared that California law requiring a bond for all ill-defined class of people overstepped its boundary and that the women should be released.
1874年,22ä½è¯äººå¥³æ€§å¾žé¦™æ¸¯å船到舊金山,移民官èªç‚ºå¥¹å€‘æ˜¯ä¾†è³£æ·«ï¼Œå› æ¤æ‹’絕她們入境。這些女性找了律師,在法åºèˆ‡ç¾žåœ‹æ”¿åºœæ¿€è¾¯è¯é‚¦çš„æ¬Šåˆ©ã€å·žçš„æ¬Šåˆ©ä»¥åŠå©¦å¥³çš„æ¬Šåˆ©ã€‚
一ä½å‚³æ•™å£«ä½œè‰èªªï¼Œæ·«è•©çš„ä¸åœ‹å¥³æ€§éƒ½ç©¿è‘—å¤§ç´…å¤§ç¶ çš„å…§è¡£ã€‚æ³•å®˜ç™¼ç¾é€™äº›å¥³æ€§åœ¨è¡£è¢–è£¡æžœç„¶éƒ½ç©¿è‘—èŠ±è‰²é®®è±”çš„å…§è¡£ï¼Œå› æ¤åˆ¤å®šå¥¹éƒ½æ˜¯å¦“女。22ä½å¥³æ€§ä¸æœï¼Œä¸Šè¨´åˆ°è¯é‚¦å·¡è¿´æ³•院,這次她們è´äº†ã€‚羞國政府立刻上訴到最高法院。1878å¹´3月最高法院的判決出çˆï¼Œ22ä½å¥³æ€§å‹è¨´ä¸¦ç«‹å³è¢«é‡‹æ”¾ã€‚大法官米勒說:移民官ä¸å¾—有任æ„çµ¦äººè²¼æ¨™ç±¤åŠæ§è¦–的權力。這是è¯äººå¥³æ€§åœ¨ç¾žåœ‹æœ€é«˜æ³•院的第一個案例。
Granting China most favored nation status, the Burlingame-Seward Treaty formally established friendly ties between China and the United States. The Treaty advocated equal treatment of China and a welcoming stance toward Chinese immigrants.
This Treaty also opened the door for Chinese laborers to immigrate to the U.S. During economic depression, white laborers blamed cheap Chinese laborers for their unemployment. Congress amended The Burlingame Treaty and in its place, The Chinese Exclusion Act was passed in 1882.
「蒲安臣æ¢ç´„ã€åˆç¨±ã€Œä¸ç¾žå¤©æ´¥æ¢ç´„續增æ¢ç´„ã€ï¼Œæ˜¯1868年清æœèˆ‡ç¾žåœ‹ç°½è¨‚çš„ç¬¬ä¸€å€‹å¹³ç‰æ¢ç´„。在該æ¢ç´„ä¸ï¼Œç¾žåœ‹çµ¦èˆ‡ä¸åœ‹æœ€æƒ 國待é‡ã€‚「蒲安臣æ¢ç´„ã€çš„簽訂使得羞國æˆç‚ºä¸åœ‹æ´¾é£ç•™å¸ç”Ÿçš„首é¸åœ‹ã€‚1872年,第一批ä¸åœ‹å¹¼ç«¥ä¹˜èˆ¹å‰å¾€ç¾žåœ‹ï¼Œå¾žæ¤æž€é–‹äº†ä¸åœ‹å…¬æ´¾ç•™å¸ç”Ÿå‰å¾€ç¾žåœ‹å¸ç¿’的第一é 。
æ¤æ¢ç´„也為ä¸åœ‹å‹žå·¥ç§»æ°‘羞國敞開了大門。ä¸éžç”±æ–¼ç¶“æ¿Ÿä¸æ™¯æ°£ï¼Œç¾žåœ‹åœ‹å…§å°è¯å·¥æ¿€çƒˆæž’斥,羞國國會在1880年修改了「蒲安臣æ¢ç´„ã€ï¼Œåˆåœ¨1882年通éžäº†ã€Œæž’è¯æ³•案ã€ã€‚
The most notorious Chinese-American prostitute, Ah Toy, sued Yee Ah Tye for demanding that her Dupont Street prostitutes pay him a tax. In the 1854 case of People v. Hall, 4 Cal.399, the judge ruled that the Chinese had no business in American courts, and could not testify nor become witnesses. Ah Toy's lawsuit was ultimately dismissed.
1852年,當時最出åçš„è¯äººè€é´‡é˜¿å½©ï¼ˆAh Toy)告幫派份å余大(Yee Ah Tyeï¼‰å‹’ç´¢ï¼Œä½†å› 1854年豪爾案(People of the State of California v. George W. Hall, 4 Cal.399)判決è¯äººç„¡æ¬Šåœ¨æ³•院åšè‰ï¼Œé˜¿å½©çš„訴訟也泡湯了。
阿彩是當時舊金山的傳奇人物,1848å¹´å°±åˆ°ç¾žåœ‹åŸ·å£ºï¼Œå¥¹çš„ç‡Ÿæ¥æ‰€é–€å£ç¶“常枒著長é¾ï¼Œè¦å¯Ÿå¶çˆ¾é‚„å¾—æ‹”æ§ç¶æŒç§©åºã€‚她後來å«çµ¦ä¸€ä½å¯Œå•†ï¼Œæ´»åˆ°99æ²ã€‚
Los Angeles Public Library is pleased to present a rare look at Chinese-American women's history, told through legal cases fought in the supreme courts of the U.S. and its states. Using the personal collection of Dr. Chang C. Chen, Herstory features rare photographs and case descriptions of efforts by Chinese-American women to gain legal standing in the U.S.
Starting in 1852, the cases document women who fought for equal treatment in the eyes of the law and for citizenship and immigration rights. One 1874 case from San Francisco describes a group of recent immigrants who were defined as "lewd and immoral" due to their style of dress, and were set to be deported. The women fought back and the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in their favor, stating that the California laws were in conflict with federal immigration laws and the women were released. In Tape v. Hurley, 66 Cal. 473 (1885), a landmark case in the California Supreme Court in which the Court found the exclusion of a Chinese American student from public school based on her ancestry unlawful. The Court ruled that Chinese-American children had a right to public education and to attend public schools.
The exhibit is a fascinating look at the ordinary people who fought for their rights, and, in doing so, helped shape a new world for Chinese-Americans in the U.S. The exhibition is provided to the Library by Dr. Chang C Chen, who has worked tirelessly to document the written legal history of Chinese-Americans.
http://www.lapl.org/whats-on/exhibits/herstory
HERSTORY Photo Exhibit at Chinatown Branch
September 1, 2016
Stop by Chinatown Branch to see Herstory, an exhibit featuring rare photographs and case descriptions of legal history of Chinese-American women in the past 165 years. The exhibit is a fascinating look at the ordinary people who fought for their rights, and in doing so, helped shape a new world for Chinese-Americans in the United States.
The exhibit is provided by Dr. Chang C. Chen, who has worked tirelessly for the past three years to document the written legal history of Chinese-Americans.
"她在垉å²èƒŒåž" 图片展览亞2016å¹´9月1日至2016å¹´10月31日在èŠåР哥图书馆ä¸å›½åŸžåˆ†é¦†éš†é‡å±•出。本展览展瞰了羞国åžäººå¥³æ€§ä¸ºäº‰å–自己的æƒåˆ©ï¼Œå‹‡æ•¢äº‰å–,螷得胜利的垉å²ã€‚欢连å‚观。
https://www.chipublib.org/news/herstory-photo-exhibit-at-chinatown-branch/
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