邱彰律師

The Magnuson Act encouraged non-citizens, especially aliens whose skills were in languages and in medicine to serve in the U.S. military. A series of acts and agreements, such as The Lodge Act of 1950 and The Military Bases Agreement of 1947 were passed allowing non-citizens to serve in the U.S. military. During World War II, foreigners who served just three years in the military were entitled to citizenship. In 2013, Pentagon resumed a unique recruitment pilot program: the Military Accessions Vital to National Interest (MAVNI) aimed to recruit legal aliens whose skills (languages and medicine) were considered vital to national interest. Those recruited would be given an expedited path to U.S. citizenship.

麥諾森法案（Magnuson Act）及其他法案，如 Military Bases Agreement of 1947、Lodge Act of 1950，美國招募非公民參軍，答應迅速給予公民權。第二次世界大戰時，外國人從軍3年，即可獲得美國公民。2013年，美國防部再次招聘非公民參軍（MAVNI）計畫，特別是有外語及醫療能力的，他們可以在培訓10周後就成為公民（一般人要5年）。至2014年，在美國軍中服役的非公民軍人有24,000人，每年增加約5,000人。從2002至2013年，共有10,719名來至世界28國的人因加入美軍，成為美國公民。

The Act repealed all the unfair treaties between China and the U.S. and allowed Chinese to immigrate for the first time since the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882.

1939年第二次世界大戰爆發，中、英、美結為同盟國，美國因此廢除所有與中國之間的不平等條約。1943年蔣宋美齡被邀至美國國會演講，參議院藉她來訪之勢，一舉廢除排華法案。

Madam Chiang Kai-shek lectured in the Congress in 1943.

In 1924, a nine-year old Chinese-American named Martha Lum was prohibited from attending Rosedale Consolidated High School in Bolivar County, Mississippi solely because she was of Chinese descent. The Supreme Court held that Gong Lum had not shown that there were not segregated schools accessible for the education of Martha Lum in Mississippi; therefore, Martha Lum was not allowed to go to the school for white children.

The picture directly below shows the two Lum sisters in third or fourth grade in the first row among white students. It was likely that the Supreme Court decision was not known in other local schools, for Gong Lum moved the family to Elaine, Arkansas where his girls attended white public schools. Lum v. Rice, 275 U.S. 78 (1927) was effectively overruled by the Court's decision in Brown v. Board of Education (1954), which outlawed segregation in public schools.

1924年，9歲的華人女孩 Martha Lum 想進密西西比州的洛斯戴爾學校（Rosedale School）就讀，但她的申請被拒。Martha Lum的母親是位受過高等教育的香港女性，她決定提起訴訟，強迫學校讓女兒上學，但最後沒能成功。最高法院判決Martha Lum不可就讀白人學校，但可以去上黑人及褐色人種的學校。

Martha Lum的父親發現各地對最高法院禁令的執行並不一致，所以把舉家遷到密西西比河對岸的阿肯色州的Elaine City，讓Martha Lum及她的姐姐得以就讀白人學校。1954年Brown v. Board of Education 一案終於判定公立學校的種族隔離政策為非法。

Martha Lum and sister attended public school for whites.

Martha Lum and sister

The Anti-Miscegenation Act of 1889 prohibited Chinese men from marrying white women. The Cable Act of 1922 terminated citizenship of white American women who married Asian men. These laws were not fully overturned until the 1950s.

1889年的“反異種通婚法”禁止華人娶白人女性。1922年的克博法案（Cable Act of 1922）的成立，讓白人女性若嫁漢家郎就會喪失公民權。參議院於2014年5月16日正式為此法案道歉。

Immigrant Quok Shee was the "alleged wife" of Chew Hoy Quong. When she arrived in San Francisco, she was detained and interrogated for nearly 2 years on Angel Island, mostly because Chinese women were suspected to be prostitutes in that era.

More than an inch thick, her "investigation case file" was opened in September 1916 and was not closed until August 1918. She was repeatedly interrogated, denied access to a lawyer, plagued by depression, subjected to smallpox, and was isolated from a husband who was her only contact in America, yet whom she hardly knew. The file contained 150 pages of legal maneuvering, inquisitorial interrogations, medical evaluations, intrigue court orders--all because one Chinese woman tried to enter the United States.In 1927, her husband Chew told immigration authorities that his wife had complained he was not giving her enough money and had run off with another man.

清朝腐敗，民不聊生，老百姓就算冒著生命危險， 也想盡辦法移民美國。天使島是中國移民要進入美國加州的第一道關卡，成千上萬的華人女性在此被拘禁，受盡屈辱。

20歲的郭氏（Quok Shee）於1916年到達舊金山，立刻被帶到天使島詢問。她的先生因為是美國合法居民，很快就被釋放了。但由於郭氏的答案與先生不符，因此被關了將近兩年。最後因為她的律師抗告移民局違反程序正義成功，郭氏終於重獲自由。沒人知道郭氏後來去了哪裡，只知道她丈夫在1927年向移民局報案，說他遭太太遺棄，因為郭氏抱怨他不給錢，所以跟別的男人跑了。

Tye Leung was born in San Francisco in 1887. When she was 14, her parents arranged for her to marry an older man. She ran away and sought refuge with Donaldina Cameron. She became the first Chinese-American woman to pass the civil service examination. Not only was she the first Chinese woman hired to work at Angel Island, but she also became the first Chinese-American woman to vote in a presidential primary election when she cast a ballot in San Francisco on May 19, 1912.

梁亞娣（Tye Leung Schulze）在1887年生於舊金山。她14歲時，父母就安排她嫁給一個年長的男士。梁亞娣勇敢的離家去找金美倫傳教士學英文、研究基督教，後來成為第一位通過美國政府文官考試的華人女性。1912年的美國總統初選，梁亞娣是第一位有資格投票選舉的華人女性，而全美國女性到 8 年後才有投票權。舊金山紀事報說：梁亞娣投票選總統，是女性完全解放的現代運動。梁亞娣因為嫁給白人，不得不辭去合法的政府工作，但她繼續為舊金山華人提供翻譯及社會服務，深受華人尊重。她於85歲時辭世。梁亞娣一直勇敢的反抗任何加諸於她身上的限制，創造屬於自己的榮譽、尊嚴。她從未參加任何全國性的組織，也沒有任何法案以她命名。她的傳奇來自於她一生全心全意的投入反抗人類的偏見與固執。

Donaldina Cameron ( July 26, 1869-January 4, 1968 ) was a Presbyterian missionary who advocated for social justice. She rescued and educated more than 3000 Chinese immigrant girls and women who were sold into slavery during her ministry from 1895 to 1934. Cameron House still stands today in San Francisco.

金美倫（Donaldina Cameron）被稱為「中國城的憤怒天使」，她是位白人傳教士，於1895年服務於舊金山中國城的「東方傳道少女之」。她痛恨人蛇集團對中國女孩的凌虐，經常伴著警察、帶著斧頭，把這群被迫賣淫的中國女孩子從地板下、牆壁中救出來。在她主持「東方傳道少女之家」的40年間，救出了至少 3,000 位華裔小女孩。金美倫被這些小女孩尊稱為「老母」，但人口販子稱她為「白鬼」。「東方傳道少女之家」在1942年改名為「金美倫堂」，位於舊金山沙加緬度街920號，是有名的歷史地標。

Born to a poor family in Guangdong, Bow Kum was sold by her parents for $40 and later bought by Lau He Dong, a member of the Snakehead gang in San Francisco, for $3,000.

Lau fell in love with her, but Bow Kum chose to marry a gardener and ran away with him to New York. Lau's love quickly turned to hate and he asked his gang to seek revenge. On August 15,1909, Bow Kum was brutally murdered. Her husband was also part of a Chinese gang and they fought back. The war between the Chinatown gangs lasted more than a year. On January 11,1910, the alleged killers, Lau He Dong and Lau Shong, were acquitted because each of their gangs produced contradictory evidence, and the jury could not decide who the real killers were.

The U.S. and the Chinese government brokered talks between the rival gangs at the end of 1910. New York's Chinatown eventually regained its peace in 1913.

甘苞（Bow Kum）是廣東窮人家的女兒，被父母以40美元的代價賣給人蛇，隨後又被以3,000 美元的高價，轉賣給舊金山幫派頭目劉喜東。劉喜東很快就愛上了美艷的甘苞，只是甘苞愛的是林姓園丁，並跟他私奔到紐約。劉喜東向紐約的協勝堂求援，協勝堂要求林姓園丁所屬的安良堂還錢或還人，但遭到拒絕。

1909年8月15日，兩個殺手潛入甘苞家中將她謀殺。消息震驚了全紐約，一場血腥的幫派大戰就此展開。1910年1月，兇手被陪審團判無罪，因為兩派證人對兇手當時的行蹤供詞不一，陪審團因此無法將兇手定罪。1910年底，美國及中國政府正式出面，安排安良堂及協勝堂簽署停火協議，直到1913年，紐約中國城才恢復過往的繁榮。

The New York Times reported Bow Kum’s murder on August 16, 1909.

The New York Times reported the acquittal of Bow Kum’s killers.

Wong Kim Ark, who was born in San Francisco to Chinese parents around 1871, was denied re-entry to the United States after a trip abroad in 1894. He challenged the government's refusal to recognize his citizenship. The Supreme Court ruled in his favor, holding that the citizenship language in the Fourteenth Amendment encompassed essentially everyone born in the U.S.—even the U.S.-born children of foreigners—and could not be limited in its effect by an act of Congress.

黃金德（Wong Kim Ark）生於美國舊金山，父母都是美國合法居民。黃金德1890年回中國，再返美時，海關認定他是美國公民而允許他入境。1894年，黃金德再次前往中國，1895年返美時，卻因排華法案而被拒絕入境，黃金德乃提起訴訟。
1897年，在United States v. Wong Kim Ark, 169 U.S. 649 (1898) 一案中, 最高法院大法官認定：所有在美國出生的華人後裔，其父母非中國外交官員或公職人員，且在美國擁有永久住所者，在出生時即為美國公民。黃金德打贏這場官司後，他的三個兒子也都拿到公民權。「在美國出生，即為美國公民」的法理，掀起外國孕婦前往美國生產的「生育旅遊」潮。

Grand daughter (left) and great granddaughter (middle) of Wong Kim Ark and Dr. Chang C. Chen (right).

黃金德的孫女(左一)與曾孫女(中)與作者合影\\

Polly Bemis was sold by her peasant father for two bags of much-needed seed. She was smuggled into the United States in 1872 and sold as a slave in San Francisco. In 1894, she married Charles Bemis to prevent herself from being deported.

She later gained her residence paper because she was able to prove that she could not apply in time due to a major snowstorm in Idaho in 1895.

Her cabin, known as Polly Bemis House, became a museum and was placed on the National Register of Historical Places in 1988. Her story was fictionalized in the 1991 film: A Thousand Pieces of Gold.

蒙古裔的Polly Bemis生在廣東，她被父親以兩袋種子的代價賣掉，又被轉賣到美國，最後在愛德荷州沃倫的地方定居。她任勞任怨、堅忍不拔，不但救了她先生的性命，也贏得了當地居民的友誼。

「吉爾里法案」通過後，1895年Polly Bemis和其他50名住在愛德荷的中國人，因為沒有居留權而將被驅逐出境，還好Polly Bemis證明當時當地下了一場大雪，交通中斷，迫使他們無法出門辦居留手續，Polly Bemis因禍得福，於1896年獲得美國永久居留權。

Polly Bemis是荒涼的愛達荷中部最早的墾荒者之一，她所居住的小木屋現已成為國家級的史蹟。她於1933年過世，享年80歲。她的生平被拍成電影「千金」。在父親眼中只值兩袋種子的Polly Bemis，在美國邊疆綻放出璀璨的花朵，傳播慈愛、溫柔、不屈的女性傳統美德，是美國華人女性的不朽傳奇。

Tape v. Hurley, 66 Cal. 473 (1885) was a landmark case in the California Supreme Court. In 1884, Mamie, then eight years old, was denied admission to the Spring Valley School due to her Chinese ancestry. Her parents sued the San Francisco Board of Education and won. Their argument was that the school violated California Political Code. The California Supreme Court upheld the decision. Justice McGuire wrote, "To deny a child, born of Chinese parents in this state, entrance to the public schools would be a violation of the law of the state and the Constitution of the United States."

A bill was quickly passed to establish the Oriental Public School in San Francisco. The school was renamed Gordon J. Lau Elementary School in 1998.

1848年以來，加州掀起淘金熱，短短一年就30萬人擠到加州，因為激增的人口，政府設立了7所公立學校。1852年，舊金山已有兩萬華人居民。1884年，出身富裕的華裔女孩 Mamie Tape 時年8歲，父母打算讓她就讀公立小學卻被拒收，因為當時的公立小學只收白人。

她的父母一狀告到加州最高法院，獲得勝訴。但舊金山教育委員會說服加州州議會，通過設置華裔專校的法案，讓華裔只能就讀華裔小學，堅決貫徹種族隔離政策。舊金山也因此在1859年成立第一所華人小學「東方公立小學」。此校經過多次更名，現為「劉貴明小學」，紀念這位人權鬥士。

It was one of the most significant restrictions on free immigration in the U.S. history, prohibiting all immigration of Chinese laborers. The act followed the Angell Treaty of 1880, a set of revisions to the U.S. - China Burlingame Treaty of 1868 that allowed the U.S. to suspend Chinese immigration.

The Act was initially intended to last for ten years, but was renewed in 1892 with the Geary Act becoming permanent in 1902. The Chinese Exclusion Act was the first law implemented to prevent a specific ethnic group from immigrating to the United States. It was repealed by the Magnuson Act of 1943.

「排華法案」的內容為：
1. 停止華工及其眷屬入境十年。
2. 不准境內華人歸化為美國公民。
3. 華人一旦回中國探親，就不能再回美國。
4. 州法院和聯邦法院不得允許華人歸化為美國公民。

在「排華法案」於1892年即將到期前，國會再通過「吉爾\\

里法案」將「排華法案」延長十年。直到1943年，中國成
為美國第二次世界大戰的盟友，「排華法案」才被廢除。

In Chu Lung v. Freeman, 92 U.S. 275, Chu Lung and 21 other Chinese women who arrived in San Francisco were classified as "lewd and debauched" and, therefore, must be prostitutes. Upon hearing testimony from a witness that only lewd Chinese women wore colorful bellybands, the judge found all 22 women guilty. However, the Supreme Court sided with the women. It ruled that Congress, not the states, had the power to regulate immigration. It declared that California law requiring a bond for all ill-defined class of people overstepped its boundary and that the women should be released.

1874年，22位華人女性從香港坐船到舊金山，移民官認為她們是來賣淫，因此拒絕她們入境。這些女性找了律師，在法庭與美國政府激辯聯邦的權利、州的權利以及婦女的權利。

一位傳教士作證說，淫蕩的中國女性都穿著大紅大綠的內衣。法官發現這些女性在衣袖裡果然都穿著花色鮮豔的內衣，因此判定她都是妓女。22位女性不服，上訴到聯邦巡迴法院，這次她們贏了。美國政府立刻上訴到最高法院。1878年3月最高法院的判決出爐，22位女性勝訴並立即被釋放。大法官米勒說：移民官不得有任意給人貼標籤及歧視的權力。這是華人女性在美國最高法院的第一個案例。

Granting China most favored nation status, the Burlingame-Seward Treaty formally established friendly ties between China and the United States. The Treaty advocated equal treatment of China and a welcoming stance toward Chinese immigrants.

This Treaty also opened the door for Chinese laborers to immigrate to the U.S. During economic depression, white laborers blamed cheap Chinese laborers for their unemployment. Congress amended The Burlingame Treaty and in its place, The Chinese Exclusion Act was passed in 1882.

「蒲安臣條約」又稱「中美天津條約續增條約」，是1868年清朝與美國簽訂的第一個平等條約。在該條約中，美國給與中國最惠國待遇。「蒲安臣條約」的簽訂使得美國成為中國派遣留學生的首選國。1872年，第一批中國幼童乘船前往美國，從此掀開了中國公派留學生前往美國學習的第一頁。

此條約也為中國勞工移民美國敞開了大門。不過由於經濟不景氣，美國國內對華工激烈排斥，美國國會在1880年修改了「蒲安臣條約」，又在1882年通過了「排華法案」。

The most notorious Chinese-American prostitute, Ah Toy, sued Yee Ah Tye for demanding that her Dupont Street prostitutes pay him a tax. In the 1854 case of People v. Hall, 4 Cal.399, the judge ruled that the Chinese had no business in American courts, and could not testify nor become witnesses. Ah Toy's lawsuit was ultimately dismissed.

1852年，當時最出名的華人老鴇阿彩（Ah Toy）告幫派份子余大（Yee Ah Tye）勒索，但因1854年豪爾案（People of the State of California v. George W. Hall, 4 Cal.399）判決華人無權在法院做證，阿彩的訴訟也泡湯了。

阿彩是當時舊金山的傳奇人物，1848年就到美國執壺，她的營業所門口經常排著長龍，警察偶爾還得拔槍維持秩序。她後來嫁給一位富商，活到99歲。

Los Angeles Public Library is pleased to present a rare look at Chinese-American women's history, told through legal cases fought in the supreme courts of the U.S. and its states. Using the personal collection of Dr. Chang C. Chen, Herstory features rare photographs and case descriptions of efforts by Chinese-American women to gain legal standing in the U.S.

Starting in 1852, the cases document women who fought for equal treatment in the eyes of the law and for citizenship and immigration rights. One 1874 case from San Francisco describes a group of recent immigrants who were defined as "lewd and immoral" due to their style of dress, and were set to be deported. The women fought back and the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in their favor, stating that the California laws were in conflict with federal immigration laws and the women were released. In Tape v. Hurley, 66 Cal. 473 (1885), a landmark case in the California Supreme Court in which the Court found the exclusion of a Chinese American student from public school based on her ancestry unlawful. The Court ruled that Chinese-American children had a right to public education and to attend public schools.

The exhibit is a fascinating look at the ordinary people who fought for their rights, and, in doing so, helped shape a new world for Chinese-Americans in the U.S. The exhibition is provided to the Library by Dr. Chang C Chen, who has worked tirelessly to document the written legal history of Chinese-Americans.

http://www.lapl.org/whats-on/exhibits/herstory

HERSTORY Photo Exhibit at Chinatown Branch
September 1, 2016
Stop by Chinatown Branch to see Herstory, an exhibit featuring rare photographs and case descriptions of legal history of Chinese-American women in the past 165 years. The exhibit is a fascinating look at the ordinary people who fought for their rights, and in doing so, helped shape a new world for Chinese-Americans in the United States.

The exhibit is provided by Dr. Chang C. Chen, who has worked tirelessly for the past three years to document the written legal history of Chinese-Americans.

"她在厉史背后" 图片展览于2016年9月1日至2016年10月31日在芝加哥图书馆中国城分馆隆重展出。本展览展现了美国华人女性为争取自己的权利，勇敢争取，获得胜利的厉史。欢迎参观。

https://www.chipublib.org/news/herstory-photo-exhibit-at-chinatown-branch/