邱彰律師

1868

Burlingame Treaty was the first equal treaty between the U.S. and China.

Granting China most favored nation status, the Burlingame-Seward Treaty formally established friendly ties between China and the United States. The Treaty advocated equal treatment of China and a welcoming stance toward Chinese immigrants.

This Treaty also opened the door for Chinese laborers to immigrate to the U.S. During economic depression, white laborers blamed cheap Chinese laborers for their unemployment. Congress amended The Burlingame Treaty and in its place, The Chinese Exclusion Act was passed in 1882.

「蒲安臣條約」又稱「中美天津條約續增條約」，是1868年清朝與美國簽訂的第一個平等條約。在該條約中，美國給與中國最惠國待遇。「蒲安臣條約」的簽訂使得美國成為中國派遣留學生的首選國。1872年，第一批中國幼童乘船前往美國，從此掀開了中國公派留學生前往美國學習的第一頁。

邱彰律師策劃「Herstory美國巡迴展」洛杉磯展覽報導///此展覽獻給我摯愛的兒子陳澤民

https://youtu.be/6i7NyYGADsk
20161202—宏觀僑社新聞

2016.8-2016.11於芝加哥開展///此展覽獻給我摯愛的兒子陳澤民

1875
The Page Act of 1875 forbade the entry of Chinese laborers and immoral Chinese women.

After the passage of the Page Act of 1875 which aimed to "end cheap Chinese laborers and immoral Chinese women," custom officials concentrated their efforts by forbidding Chinese women entering American borders. The officials believed that by preventing Chinese women from entering the U.S., Chinese laborers would realize that they could not find wives and would go back to China to establish families.

Horace F. Page（1833-1890）

In Chu Lung v. Freeman, 92 U.S. 275, Chu Lung and 21 other Chinese women who arrived in San Francisco were classified as " lewd and debauched" and must therefore be prostitutes. Upon hearing testimony from a witness that only lewd Chinese women wore colorful belly-bands, the judge found all 22 women guilty. However, the Supreme Court sided with the women. It ruled that Congress, not the states, had the power to regulate immigration. It declared California law requiring a bond for all ill-defined class of people overstepped its boundary and that the women should be released.

Chinese girl in belly-band

The names of the 22 Chinese women in the Supreme Court files（1874）

2016.11洛杉磯「Herstory美國巡迴展」展覽開幕式///此展覽獻給我摯愛的兒子陳澤民

2016.4.1 - 2016.4.30於紐約展出，展出165年來華人女性在美國打拼，爭取自我權益的故事。///此展覽獻給我摯愛的兒子陳澤民

The most notorious Chinese American prostitute Ah Toy sued Yee Ah Tye for demanding her Dupont Street prostitutes pay him a tax. In the 1854 case of People v. Hall, the judge ruled that the Chinese had no business in American courts, and could not testify nor become witnesses. Ah Toy's lawsuit was ultimately dismissed.

Polly Bemis was sold by her peasant father for two bags of much-needed seed. She was smuggled into the United States in 1872 and sold as a slave in San Francisco. In 1894, she married Charles Bemis to prevent herself from being deported.
She later gained her residence paper because she was able to prove that she could not apply in time due to a major snowstorm in Idaho in 1895.
Her cabin, known as Polly Bemis House, became a museum and was placed on the National Register of Historical Places in 1988. Her story was fictionalized in the 1991 film: A Thousand Pieces of Gold.
蒙古裔的Polly Bemis生在廣東，她被父親以兩袋種子的代價賣掉，又被轉賣到美國，最後在愛德荷州沃倫的地方定居。她任勞任怨、堅忍不拔，不但救了她先生的性命，也贏得了當地居民的友誼。
「吉爾里法案」通過後，1895年Polly Bemis和其他50名住在愛德荷的中國人，因為沒有居留權而將被驅逐出境，還好Polly Bemis證明當時當地下了一場大雪，交通中斷，迫使他們無法出門辦居留手續，Polly Bemis因禍得福，於1896年獲得美國永久居留權。
Polly Bemis是荒涼的愛達荷中部最早的墾荒者之一，她所居住的小木屋現已成為國家級的史蹟。她於1933年過世，享年80歲。她的生平被拍成電影「千金」。
在父親眼中只值兩袋種子的Polly Bemis，在美國邊疆綻放出璀璨的花朵，傳播慈愛、溫柔、不屈的女性傳統美德，是美國華人女性的不朽傳奇。

Enforcement of the Page Act resulted not only in the reduction of prostitutes but also the “virtually complete
exclusion of Chinese women from the United States.” Therefore, Chinese were unable to create families in the United States. The Page Act was so successful in preventing Chinese women from immigration and consequently keeping the ratio of females to males so low that the law "paradoxically encouraged the very vice it purported to be fighting: prostitution.”

「佩吉法」禁止任何亞洲勞工、娼妓以及在自己國家犯過罪的人入境美國。歷史學家發現在執行「佩吉法」時，移民官員集中火力在禁止華人女性入境，因為只有限制華人女性來美，華工發現無法成家時，才會回去中國。「佩吉法」執行的結果是把所有的華人女性都排除在美國門外。1882年排華法案實施的前幾個月，有四萬位華人進入美國，其中只有136位是女性，果然導致男女性別嚴重失調，華人在美國無法成家。